Goodwin's Theory of music videos

Andrew Goodwin was an Australian born operatic tenor, he had written a book called, "Dancing in the distraction factory: Music television and Popular Culture" within this book he has a theory of music videos and their connections with the lyrics. In the book he states six different techniques that are used to make the video and song seem much better and to also make it visually appealing to us the audience.

Three of these main techniques consist on how the music video relates to the lyrics or what's going on the video and how the audience see it. When doing this I will analyse what this does and how it benefits the viewer.



Illustrating
The first of these three techniques I am going to talk about will be illustrating within the music video, this is basically when the mood and the lyrics match exactly what's going on visually in the music video. A good example to show you this would be "Payphone - Maroon 5" within this video we can see that the technique has been used in a narrative form, which is to tell a story within the music video, we can see this straight away within the music video, where the artist says at "0:20" "I'm at a payphone trying to call home" from the visual aspect of the music video we can see that this lyric is being lip sync and also the artist is at a payphone. What this does is make the audience have a better understanding of the lyrics and the music video. From this we can see that Goodwin's theory about illustrating within the music video and the lyrics connecting is true, when we see it in the music video I provided as an example.

Amplifying

With this technique the artist try's to give the audience a sense of emotion and mood from the music video, for example I used " Homecoming - Kanye West " the reason for choosing this video is because it shows the amplification of him coming home and him walking around his home town. The video is in a grey scale to show us the dullness of the town and the emotion he is in when he comes home. This again is to show the narrative story of him going through his home town bringing back these bad memories. From the lyrics we can see that the music video is one that would bring the audience sorrow and make them feel bad about all the different things that he has experienced throughout the city. For example if you go to "0:27" we can see that he talks about a girl at the age of three and he shows this in the video.

Contradicting       

This is when the lyrics have no relationship what so ever, from my personal opinion I think the artists main aim is to make the audience laugh, for example looking at "Hello -  Martin Solveig and Dragonette. The video, from start to finish, is simply two individuals playing tennis. The song itself had no implications that alluded to tennis what-so-ever - there wasn't any sort of relationships between the lyrics and visuals, music and visuals nor any other aspect of Goodwin's theory that I could conjure. Whilst also blunt, there were aspects of a slight relationship between lyrics and visuals - the lyrics were that of "I'm not the kind of girl..." and these lines occurred whilst there was a medium-shot of a young women present. 

Iconography

Iconography is when certain things within a music relate to specific type of genre, for example when we watch a Rap or a Hip-Hop music video we would expect to see the artist to have loads of cash and jewelry, for example looking at Snoop Dogs Drop it like its hot video, we can see these things straight away, like at 0:29 we see him with baggy clothes and exposed women behind him. What Iconography offers the audience is they get to gain a sense of what the artist is like and who they represent. this benefits the artists to show everyone the real person they really are. If the artists is well know and has a large fan base the genre will be listened to and will become or carry on being popular.
So how this relates to the audience, is that they feel a connection with their listening too, it represents the genre of music their listening too. 






Pop and pop music video's have many conventions and elements associated with them. Some of these include bright colours, numerous costume choices and changes and to all intensive purposes a 'bubblegum' innocence. Choreographed dance routines and wonderland settings are very much at the heart of any pop music video. Another iconic connotation is the complex use of narrative and pastel perfect backdrops. Pop music is very much about selling the featured artist and the use of camera and editing makes the audience see them in certain ways. For e.g., Katy Perry often uses sexualised shots to sell herself and the song.

Voyeurism 

Looking back at when Goodwin's book was written and published, in 1992 Hip-Hop and Rap had a lot of exposer to specific sexes, like for example we would see women that were very exposed, they had short skirts and low cut tops, but if we look at videos not much has changed but we still see women dressed like this in music videos. In 1970 a women called Laura Mulvey called this "The male gaze" women where treated like objects, they were almost decoration in a music video, they where something to grab the male viewers attention. If we look at Lady GaGa's "Born this way" we see glimpses of the male and female body, what this shows is that artists are beginning to think about who they want they're video to target and by showing eye candy that appeals to both men and women they are most likely to attract more people. At 3:09 we see her with both men and women wearing revealing clothing.

Star persona

 Star persona is where the producer would have the artist being showed in the video a lot, this would highlight they are the star within the music video and identify to the audience about who the video is about. Another reason a producer would do this to engage the audience about any facial expressions or any emotions that are being displayed by someone within the music video, looking at my video of Adele - Someone like you, from 0:09 to 1:29 we see that only Adele is shown on the screen where she is walking down the seafront. this tells the audience about who the artists is and identifies what theme of the song from the characteristics that are shown, such as the grey scale and the dull face given off Adele.

Intertextuality

Pastiche: Pastiche is a type of music video that takes reference to another media device or time period, but still gives recognition to the audience to where this re-enactment has come from, for example from the movie, "Gentlemen prefer blondes" made in 1953, there is a scene where the actress Marilyn Monroe is surrounded by men and flirting with all of them, and Madonna created a music video in 1984 called material girl, where she uses the scene from the movie and makes a song about it. looking at the video I have chosen you can see that, Madonna has almost copied everything from the movie, the same dress type even the same "set" set-up, the stairs and the red background. looking back at Madonna's music video we can see that she has used pastiche in this video, the use of the an another media device is being used and the use of using something from an older time period with very little updates to the original version. At "0:52" we see this scene that is shown in the material girl.

Parody:  This technique I used to make fun out of another media source, the benefits of dong to this, the audience can see things that are not outlined in the original video. the main aim of doing this is to make the song more appealing to the audience and make it more comical, looking at my example, "Carly Rae Jepsen - "Call Me Maybe" PARODY", we see that Bart Baker the artists keeps the beat of the original song but changes the lyrics to make it more comical, the final conclusion of making a parody song is to basically mock the original.
 

Music video techniques

Music video techniques

When making a music video there are many techniques used to make the video to be at its best quality, some of these techniques are special effects, green screening, lip - syncing and ETC. in this document I am going to show an example’s of most of the techniques used in music videos and when doing this I will show a good and a bad example when doing this.

Special effects:

Special effects plays a big part in making a music video, with this an artist is able to create something that can be created in real life, although there are many types of special effects, the first one I am going to talk about is visual effects, with visual effects and graphics your able to make things that can’t be recorded with a camera, this also has a positive for the audience as it makes the music video more visually appealing.

The second one I am going to talk about is, editing effects, with this the quick scene changes are backed up through the human eye and audience ideas, for example when we see a bright light in a movie or music video this signifies death or a person going into a dream.

Stop motion animation is where a camera is used and takes photographs every second of the action going on that is being moved by a human. With this a producer and artist have no limitations of that they want to film, any movement is possible and can also be filmed, however if this is not filmed properly it looks terrible, and would be far from visually appealing.

With the video I have chosen "Story of my life - One Direction" you can clearly see these techniques being used, for example as soon as the video starts at 0:06 you can see the fade within the photograph on the paper. From this the artists will begin to gain a reputation were there music videos look good and people would want to come back and see these videos.

However looking at this example we can see that the special effects used in this video are not so good, looking at them today, you would most probably laugh and call the video pathetic, but from this we can see how music videos and there special effects have evolved and helped make the video and the artist look much better.For example if we look at 0:34 we see that the producer has involved aliens that are obviously made out of special effects. from this we can clearly see how special effects have evolved over time and how they now make the video look visually appealing. 

Green screening:

Green screening, this is something an artist can play with, they are able to be in a location without actually being in the location, this allows the artist to save money and allows them to have freedom when creating the video. As a viewer you most probably wouldn't know that the artist has used green screening if it is performed well, from this we can take that, green screening makes the video more visually appealing to the audience, looking at the video I have chosen, you can see that the green screening is professionally done and there is no see through parts were shadows are affecting the image, this is why it looks very good from the audiences point of view. Looking at Drop the world by Lil Wayne and Eminem at 3:04 we see the use of the green screening and how it makes the video seem so real and meets the needs of the artists so easily.

However if you look at this video, you can clearly see the difference between the quality of the Green screen, there is a slight fuzz behind Shakira  and around the inner background, this is due to the shadows not being cut out. From the audiences point of view this looks terrible and something you would not expect such a well know artist producing.  looking at 0.33 seconds into the video we can already see the poor green screening, this tells the audience that the video isn't going to be visually appealing.

Cutting to the beat and lip- syncing:

Cutting to the beat is probably the most important technique when creating as music video, this makes the video visually appealing, and without this it would look very unappealing to the audience. If the person lip syncing said the words 3 seconds before the actual lyrics are being said, it would look terrible from a human eye. Looking at the video I have chosen, we can see that the artists done this very well and there are no mistakes, this then leads to positive responses to the artists. Without this technique used in music videos, not many people would view them and this would be a bad thing for the artists.
But on this Particular video, we see a fairly long build up to the song, and the lip syncing begins at 0:46, however we manage to see a various amount of camera angles, so if the lip syncing was bad, the human eye wouldn't be able to pick up on it due to the camera angel changes being so quick.

Looking at this second video we can see the importance of lip- syncing and how it would look if it was not timed alongside the beat. This affects the public’s attitude towards the song and how it would not be liked, which could affect the artist sales on the sales of the song. As the song has a long intro, looking at 1:30 we see that her lip syncing is not so brilliant and can be improved.

Varied camera angles:

When creating a music video, the main thing you obviously need a camera, when recording it’s important for the producer to include a variety of shots, to make the video more exciting. Looking at the video, if we only had one view and the camera angle never changed, as a viewer you would get bored very bored, so to make the video more entertaining. Looking at the first 20 seconds of Rihanna's "We found love" we about 12 different camera angles being used, some of these varied from low shots, close ups and high angles. this gave the audience a better understanding of the music video and also helped the song cut to the beat as a angle was changed. This gives the audience a sense of the location being used and the emotions and mood of the actual music video.

Long cut scenes:

Having around about 4-5 second cuts in a music video is the average rate, this help the video to flow in a chronological way, almost as if the video is like a movie, looking at the video I have chosen we can see that the producer and artists have thought about this technique from the audiences point of view, this allows the video to look better and also make the artist look better as people would want to see other music videos that include videos of his, if there up to a good standards.

However when producers extend the clips for longer than they need to, it becomes boring and the audience would rather change the music video, this affects the artist as the public are used to seeing the same sort of things from the artist they know, and by doing this the audience would expect this and not view the video. Looking at 0:14 to 0:20 we see the girl and as a viewer I got the point of this music video and I think having to much of it is boring.

Conventions of music videos

Styles of music videos 

In this document i am going to talk about the different types of conventions that make a music videos, what i mean by convention is the techniques and devices used  to associate with different types of genre's.

Narrative:

A narrative music video is something that tells a story as the lyrics and beats are being said and made, an example of this is J.Cole - "Crooked smile ft TLC", looking back at the music video we can see that from start to finish there is a story that is being told through the artists lyrics, the story that is being told is how, "Drug" abuse can ruin a persons family. However if we look back on some of J.Cole's previous    music videos the genre is the same but the story of the video is far off, he is going back to the original stereo types of Hip Hop where things like women, alcohol and money are being used within the video, we see this at (1:23) of the music video. So the video i have chosen now may be different compared to the artists others production. We can see as the story is shown throughout the music video. from this specific video, the aim was to make the audience feel remorse about the child dying at (3:45 - 4:04). This has an impact on the image of the music video, how people look at it from a different prospective rather than the artists usual music videos.

Animation:

An animated music video is something that is not different lyrically, but something that is different visually, an artists would make an animated video as a funny thing or to tell a narrative story, the one thing that is different in this music video is the visual aspect of the video, as the video is animated you may think it would be aimed a target audience, that is young and would laugh, but looking at the video I've chosen, the artist has added something different he added scene that conflict with the lyrics, by doing this it becomes something that is more visually appealing. For my example I have chosen maroon 5 – Payphone. This is because Maroon 5 haven't done something like this, and for a band who has a fairly large audience they done really well with it, and its shown through the whole video.

Maroon 5 originally made a normal Music video for this song, but it was something people expected from them, when they released this, it was unexpected, from my personal point of view, I thought it was amazing and it was something no other band withing their genre of music ad done before. So what this does, is give the artists more of a variety of what their showing to their audiences

Styles of music videos,

There are three types of styles, performances, live and concert, the video I have chosen is we will rock you by Queen which is concert, this is a music video that’s intended for the audience attending the convert but is also getting recorded as a music video at the same time, as for live styles, this is done on a concert but the artists is intentionally playing the song for the cameras on stage who are recording it, and performance is the artist in a location where they are being recorded lip singing the song. Looking at the video I have chosen there is nothing different that the audience would expect from the artist.

Within this particular video, the firs 40 seconds are rather intense, they give us a sense of build up and emotion, and the only reason this happens is due to it being shown as a live performance. So in my point of view, having a music video tat is made from a live concert gives a person, emotions towards the songs, for example, say you a die hard fan of the band, seeing the live concert as a music video, would make you feel as i you where there with them.

Interpretive   

With an interpretive music video, the artists would create a music video were everything corresponds, so the lyrics the beat and the actual video, The Day I Died – JUST JACK, shows this off very well as the lyrics he has used is happening around him as he says it, this is something that is visually appealing and something that the audience would like to see as it matches the lyrics match the scenery and the audience can clearly see the imagery that is portrayed in the video. unfortunately, the video has now been taken down, but it was something that you wouldn't expect, everything you heard you would hear, which i think works really well with a music video like that.

Intertextuality

Pastiche: Pastiche is a type of music video that takes reference to another media device or time period, but still gives recognition to the audience to where this reenactment has come from, for example from the movie,"Gentlemen prefer blondes" made in 1953, there is a scene where the actress Marilyn Monroe is surrounded by men and flirting with all of them, and Madonna created a music video in 1984 called material girl, where she uses the scene from the movie and makes a song about it. looking at the video I have chosen you can see that, Madonna has almost copied everything from the movie, the same dress type even the same "set" set-up, the stairs and the red background. looking back at Madonna's music video we can see that she has used pastiche in this video, the use of the an another media device is being used and the use of using something from an older time period with very little updates to the original version. At "0:52" we see this scene that is shown in the material girl.
 


Parody:  This technique I used to make fun out of another media source, the benefits of dong to this, the audience can see things that are not outlined in the original video. the main aim of doing this is to make the song more appealing to the audience and make it more comical, looking at my example, "Carly Rae Jepsen - "Call Me Maybe" PARODY", we see that Bart Baker the artists keeps the beat of the original song but changes the lyrics to make it more comical, the final conclusion of making a parody song is to basically mock the original.

 

Impressionist

The video below is an example of impressionism in music videos, the video is ''Dani California by Red Hot Chili Peppers", throughout the video we see that the bands clothes and the screen effects change, this shows how rock as evolved throughout the years, they include bands such as the Beatles and Prince And Kiss. At the end of the video the video ends with the band starring as themselves on the stage. the video is a quasi-chronology of the evolution of rock music; the band performs the song on a stage, but in a variety of outfits representing important figures and movements in the history of rock.

 

Surrealism

Surrealism is something that the audience would fine hard to believe is happening in the real world. Effects can be added to create a ‘dream like’ meaning, looking at the video I have chosen, "wide awake" I chose this as in example because the visual aspect of this video is something you would never see in real life, like the beacon of light coming out of her chest and the big bugs and purple smoke coming out of the volcano.

Music video outlets

Downloads

Pro: The pros of downloading music videos is that you can get the video in better quality, although it depends on where you download from, getting the video from a genuine reliable site means that the quality would be good but would also be at a good quality and at a fast speed. Downloading from iTunes means that the song will go directly to your computer and music can be passed over to mobile devices.

 

There are also a benefit to the producer/artist as the number of downloads increase the artist reputation begins to grow and becomes recognisable. By doing this with sites such as in; iTunes there will be a percentage ratio of the profit made on the song will be given to the artist.

Although throughout the last 3 to five years we have seen an increase in music downloads, the reason for this is because there have been more music videos that are being released on a download file rather than a tangible CD, the reason for this is because as more people find it easier to play music on their phones or tablets, it’s just as simple as a drag and drop operation to move music files onto a device that supports a CD file. With a CD you would only be able to play it on a stereo or a Walkman, as technology has moved on there are less products like these being made so people buy and download a music file.

 

Cons: The cons of downloading, for the customers, are there may be expenses if you buy the song from iTunes. There also maybe viruses when downloading from specific websites. Also downloading from unverified websites may ask you to download a certain program that contains viruses or harmful programs. Some people may download from websites that are on a tracking list, this means that if a person downloads from this website there IP address can be tracked and be fined or the person’s data may be given to the wrong hands causing hacking.

The cons to the artist is that they are not able to make any money, as the music is being downloaded from illegal sites were a customer is paying know money to purchase the song or album.

Artist websites

Artists websites is a website owned by the artist were a person can find each and every song and album the artist has featured in or released. The pros of doing this are that you can easily find songs from your favoured artist and it’s quick and easy. As the website is owned by the artists the quality of the song will no doubt be in a HD format so the song will be clear and have known cut-outs.

This is a pro for the artists as him or hers reputations is being increased by public awareness and there is no cut from the profit made as the song is being directly sold from their website.

The way the artists website gets views, is due to streaming sites and, music channels, once the public see an artists who’s  never been seen before, they want to know who they are and the most obvious way is the internet, this leads them to the website and downloadable content.

The cons of an artist website is that the process to finally accessing a song on the website may take a long time as you may need to make an account and this could be a problem for some as an email account is needed. All artists’ websites use covert data capture this means that data entered in the website and be handled without the customers notice and be sold on to for money.

There is also a con to the record label as they don't have a sum of the profit made from the song sold as the provider of the song is the artist’s websites.

 

Streaming

Streaming is watching a video on a website such as YouTube. The pros of streaming is that you can do it on multiple devices and most of the time it’s in a HD quality, another reason why this is the number one source to watch a music video is that it is quick and easy and requires no account and there is no sum to pay to watch the video.

From this people are able to find un-heard of artist from this they are able to fain publicity and sell more of their products.

The cons of streaming are a person’s internet quality, if the quality is very low the person will have lag and consistent interruptions in the song.

There are also cons for the artist as people can download illegally from the streaming websites, this allows the artists to make know money from the song and lose out on making profit.

Over the years we have come to see that streaming has grown, this is because things like artist websites have videos that are on streaming  sites are embedded so they also get views that tally back to the streaming site. From this the artists can still make money from there own website but the also make money from the streaming website.

 

 

 

Music channels

 The pros of music channels are that the quality will always be good and you are able to record a music video and watch it’s again. This allows you to watch the video as many times as you want and also the best quality possible. With high number of people watching these channels it is likely the artist’s publicity will increase and more people will begin to recognise them.

The cons of music channels is that if you do not own a device that records, it is most likely that you will only be able to watch the music video once. Some music videos will only be shown in certain watersheds and for people with a specific taste in music may have to wait for a certain time for their songs to be shown.

Although the problem with music channels is that over time the views are starting to decrease due to streaming, as technology is much more advanced as people don’t have the patience to wait for a specific song that they want to listen too, they will go to a direct sauce and listen to what they want to, this has no effect to the artist but the a customer or user may not have internet they would turn to there TV so they would not be able to view their music videos if there is no music channels.  

 

 

Mainstream TV

Mainstream TV is music videos shown on channels such as BBC 1 and ITV 1, the pros of this is that the audience of these channels is very large and for the artists publicity to increase this is one very good way of showing your music video, another pro for the person is that watching the video will be free and there is no charge for watching the video.

The cons of Mainstream TV is that your favoured song might not come on or the channel that is free may not show your favoured genre of music, This is also a con to the artist as that music channel may have may viewers and none of them can see their song.

 

There is another problem with mainstream TV, throughout the years the music shows that are shown on mainstream channels have decreased dramatically, looking back into the late 90's we saw TV shows such as top of the pops, but looking at present times we see no shows like this on channels such as BBC one or ITV1 who weekly have viewers rising.

looking at this problem there is no way people can watch music videos on these channels so artist and record labels lose out on this way of advertisement and make no profit.

 

Tangible CD’S

The direct CD is probably one of the main sources the public can view an artist music. The CD has many main features to it, one of them is quality of the music video, buying the song from a reliable source you are guaranteed to get the full song and at its best quality at 720p of resolution. Where a CD can only be played on a device that supports its format again you will benefit from the best quality. We also see that you are able to buy a CD that is special edition were a customer can see things such as extra features like behind the scene and extended content on songs.

 

Although there are many positives to CD's there are also negatives, things like as the CD is a physical object so a customer has to go out and get it, there is also the worry that the disk may get damaged or scratched, as you can only purchase on disk unless you buy another there is no way you are able to back up whatever's on the CD, so this is a loss for the customer.

With technology moving forward the number of people who still buy CD's is decreasing very quickly so sales will also do the same and this leads to the record company and the artists wasting money on producing CD's and making it harder for themselves to make a profit or even break even, although this only occurs with up and coming artists.

This is also linked to downloading your music as you are able to transfer it very easily and you are allowed to make as many copies of a song as many times as you want.

 

 

 

Purpose of a music video

Music video:

There are many reasons why artists create music videos, the most obvious reason is to make money, they do this by creating a song and a video that there target audience want to see, this then leads onto people watching the video and later on purchasing the song and its video.However the are other reason why artists create music videos, one of these reasons would be to extend the play ability, so this means artists would allow there music videos to be seen on places like, streaming channels for example YouTube , another way an artists would do this would be to promote their video on a music channel, this would be ideal as only people interested in music would see and then want to listen to the song. This benifits the artists because if they get regular views on videos of the music videos released they would stay in the public eye and sales of the music video would stay up. But overall by creating a video for any reason whether it is for reinvention or for a sympathy vote, the aim is that there still going to make money.

  

Promotion:
When the artist releases a music video, you will often see that they will take advertisement very seriously, for example on social media sites where the usage from the public is very high, sites such as Twitter, Facebook. With the large amount of users social websites such as Facebook and twitter has, many people will see the tweets and post and begin to “Retweet” or post it on their own timeline. This then leads to the same thing happening again and again, this is called word of mouth promotion, were people use their own independence to promote something.

You will also see advertisement on streaming websites such as YouTube, were the song has a teaser advert before other videos are being played, from this people will see the advert and like what they hear and click a link to go listen and watch the music video.

You will also see billboards and TV adverts for a specific song and people will see these and begin to talk about out, we refer back to this as primary advertisement

Overall artist promote their music in ways were they will get a large amount of view, also in places were the public can see it quickly. The reason for this is that the use of word of mouth begins to start quicker which then increases the amount of views and purchases on music videos. This then takes us to right to the top of the tree, the artist were all of this makes he or she money.

As an example of this, Justin Bieber used YouTube as a sense of promotion to gain fame
In the present day we see up and coming artist get founded by a record label, but with social media sites artists are able to get fame, as the number of users who use live streaming or streaming websites it is highly likely that if a person with a natural talent and regular post with consistency of this talent will get regular views and will grow. From streaming sites on YouTube, you are able to advertise your videos on social networking and media sites such as twitter to gain followers and most importantly views. From this a person may get picked up by a record label and get a professional contract.

An example of this happening is Justin Bieber who started off on YouTube by singing covers in 2008 where now he is an international sensation. From this we can see how he has started off singing covers of artists that are well known. 

 

Creating a visual representation of an artist 

For an up and coming artist, the thing you would most want after money would to be very well known publicly, an example of an artist building their reputation would be up and coming artist, “Conor Maynard” he released his first song with “Neyo”, by collaborating with the already successful artist, “Neyo” will gain more viewers so more people will view the video as well as listen to the song, as Neyo has a large viewing audience, this helps Conor Maynard gain larger audience ex-poser as well as build on his popularity and reputation as an artist. From the song he has released he would have a larger audience and fan base, this will help him in the future with his song releases and selling merchandise,  more people will be familiar with his releases which leads to more viewers. This then leads to Conor Maynard making money. Also we see that at 1:42 Neyo enters the music video, by doing this people would want to see the video as it is someone well known so his audience would be big. 

 However there are many more reasons why people do this, sometimes people create a music video for emotional reasons or to reinvent themselves. An example is Miley Cyrus, with, “wrecking ball”, this was a song were she tried to move back into the spotlight were people liked her. Or another reason why she would do this is because she wanted to aim her music at a new and matured audience.

To create synergy with other media sectors


When artist create music videos, company’s and business often approach them to advertise their product within the music video, by doing this the artist will get paid and with the influence of the product being used in the music videos the sales on that product should increase leading to a higher pay-out to the artists.

The artist can also promote themselves when using synergy, if the product is bought by people they would want to see it in music videos, from this there is a chance that a person will like the song and perhaps purchase it.

They are also able to move into different media sectors when doing this, so when they are seen in public they may be known for advertising a product.So like a celebrity advertising a perfume would be known from adverts rather then just there music video. 

This is also beneficial to the audience as they are able to see the new products that will be available to see what new products are available.  

 

Artist giving themselves a new image

We see that artist from about 5-6 years ago may of started off really well but may of done something that ruined their career, so to create the same publicity fan base they had when they started they would create a song that reimburses their image. For example Miley Cyrus/ Hannah Montana started to make songs that were moving away from her given target audience, she began to not meet her expectations, as she began to get more and more “hate” she has now started to create songs that her target audience liked, by doing this she has got her original fans back and from this her sales will again increase.   

Another example is the much loved, “Black Eyed Peas” who back in 2000 had only had three members, they were without Fergie, at the time they were rap artists. Although for a rap group who had brainless music and lyrical ideas they were not doing too badly with a substantial amount of views on music channels, however as people began to realize that the music that they were producing was very similar to songs that they were already producing. At this point late 2000 the bands views started to decrease. From this to make a comeback, they united with international sensation Fergie. In 2001 they created their first music video together and with this the bands views and sales on merchandise went through the roof.

These then leads to helping them in the future were they were making it number one in the weekly charts consistently.  

Artist in their own right
As an artists  creates their own music, their aimed audience expects the same type of music from them, wit everything they release music that their relate the artists too. for example, lets take Justin Bieber, when he was first, founded at the age of 16, he released music such as "BABY", from here his fans, mainly the female market, expected  him to release music like this. 

But if we look at Bieber in the current day, he is trying to change that portrayed image that is given to him, for example he released a song called "PYD". This song was completely irrelevant to his fans and sent out a different message.